รุ่นแก้ไขปัจจุบันเมื่อ 11:09, 10 กุมภาพันธ์ 2558

Spectral Graph Theory
บทนำและทบทวนพีชคณิตเชิงเส้น (ณัฐวุฒิ) เนื้อหา: Eigenvector, Eigenvalue คุณสมบัติของ Eigenvalue ต่อกราฟ (ธานี,ณัฐวุฒิ) เนื้อหา: ผลหาร Rayleigh, คุณสมบัติของเมตริกซ์ Laplacian ทดลอง: วาดกราฟจาก Eigenvector คุณสมบัติของ Eigenvalue ต่อกราฟ[2] (ภัทร) เนื้อหา: Eigen value properties คุณสมบัติของ Eigenvalue ลำดับที่สองบนกราฟต่างๆ (ธานี) เนื้อหา: Second eigen value Cheeger Inequality (ศุภชวาล) เนื้อหา: Cheeger Inequality การทดลอง Cheeger Inequality และ Effective Resistance (ธานี) เนื้อหา: Effective Resistance ทดลอง: หา cut ที่มีคุณสมบัติตรงกับ Cheeger Inequality Random Walks และ Psuedo Random Generator (ศุภชวาล) เนื้อหา: Random Walks Psuedo Random Generator[2] (ภัทร) เนื้อหา: Psuedo Random Generator Coding Theory และ Expander code (ธานี) เนื้อหา: Coding Theory Expander graph from Linear coding (ภัทร) เนื้อหา: Expander construction Chebyshev polynomial (ศุภชวาล) เนื้อหา: Chebyshev polynomial Preconditioning (ธานี) เนื้อหา: Preconditioning
แก้ไขกล่องนี้ • แก้ไขสารบัญ

บันทึกคำบรรยายวิชา Spectral graph theory นี้ เป็นบันทึกที่นิสิตเขียนขึ้น เนื้อหาโดยมากยังไม่ผ่านการตรวจสอบอย่างละเอียด การนำไปใช้ควรระมัดระวัง

สำหรับเนื้อหาในสัปดาห์นี้ เราเรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับ Rayleigh quotient และคุณสมบัติของ eigenvector, eigenvalue ลำดับที่ 2

Rayleigh quotient

นิยาม Rayleigh quotient สำหรับ vector x และ symmetric matrix M คือ $R(M,x)={\frac {x^{T}Mx}{x^{T}x}}$ โดยสังเกตว่าถ้า x เป็น eigenvector ของ M ที่สอดคล้องกับ eigenvalue $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

\lambda

จะได้ว่า

Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 697468292 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:27 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49

เนื่องจาก

{\begin{aligned}R(M,x)&={\frac {x^{T}(Mx)}{x^{T}x}}\\&={\frac {x^{T}(\lambda x)}{x^{T}x}}\\&={\frac {\lambda (x^{T}x)}{x^{T}x}}=\lambda \end{aligned}}

และเราจะพิสูจน์ทฤษฎีบทว่า

"ให้ $M$ เป็น symmetric matrix ถ้า $x$ เป็น non-zero vector ที่ทำให้ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

R(M,x)

มีค่ามากที่สุด แล้ว

x

จะเป็น eigenvector ของ

M

ที่สอดคล้องกับ eigenvalue ที่มากที่สุด"

เราจะพิสูจน์โดยการใช้ Spectral theory (เนื้อหาครั้งที่ 1) ให้ M มี dimension ขนาด n (symmetric) ได้ว่า M มี eigenvalue $\lambda _{1}\leq \lambda _{2}\leq \ldots \leq \lambda _{n}$ และ eigenvector $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.
Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 702644332 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:29 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$\phi _{i}$ ที่สอดคล้องกับ $\lambda _{i}$ เพื่อความสะดวก เราให้ว่า ||x|| = 1 และ || $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 693308349 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:29 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$ || = 1 สำหรับทุก i และเราสามารถเขียน x ในรูป $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 664447744 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:29 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$ จากนั้นจึงคำนวณหาค่า Rayleigh quotient

$Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 699631187 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:30 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$
จะเห็นได้ว่า Rayleigh quotient มีค่ามากที่สุดเป็น eigenvalue ที่ใหญ่ที่สุด และ vector x ที่ทำให้มีค่าดังกล่าวได้แก่ eigenvalue ของ M (พิจารณาที่ $(*)$ )

คุณสมบัติของ Eigenvalue กับกราฟ

ให้กราฟ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

G

ขนาด

n

โหนดและ

Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 642701393 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:31 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49

เป็น adjacency matrix ของ

Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 702611981 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:31 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49

ถ้าสำหรับโหนดที่ ใดๆ เขียนแทนดีกรีด้วย

Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 688296095 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:31 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49

นิยาม diagonal matrix (

Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 687541572 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:31 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49

) ดังนี้

Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 690982951 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:32 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49

และนิยาม Laplacian matrix ( $L_{G}$ ) ว่า

Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 701105106 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:32 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49

ต่อไปนี้จะสนใจ eigenvalue จาก Laplacian matrix ของกราฟ

Eigenvalue ตัวแรกของกราฟใดๆ

"สำหรับกราฟ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

G

ใดๆ Laplacian matrix (

L_{G}

) จะมี eigenvalue (น้อยไปมาก) ลำดับที่หนึ่งเป็นศูนย์เสมอ"

สมมติให้ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.
Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 669753694 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:33 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$G^{\star }$ เป็นกราฟที่มีมีเส้นเชื่อมเพียงหนึ่งเส้น $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 644923345 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:33 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$ เราจะได้

$Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 670212651 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:33 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$

สำหรับ vector $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.
Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 691113386 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:34 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$x=[x_{1},x_{2},\cdots ,x_{n}]^{T}$ ใดๆ คำนวณค่า $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 645579466 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:34 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$ ได้ดังนี้

$Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 691572438 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:34 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$

ต่อมา พิจรณากราฟ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.
Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 690883315 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:34 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$G$ ใดๆ ที่มีจำนวนเส้นเชื่อม เส้น โดยเราสามารถเขียน $L_{G}$ ได้ในรูป

$Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 649313968 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:35 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$

โดยที่ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.
Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 661172303 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:35 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$L_{G_{k}}$ สำหรับ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 695175260 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:35 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$ แทน Laplacian matrix ของกราฟ $G_{k}$ ซึ่งเป็นกราฟย่อยจาก $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 674798697 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:36 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$ ที่มีเส้นเชื่อมเส้นที่ $k$ เพียงเส้นเดียว ดังนั้น

$Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 652195708 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:36 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$

ให้ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.
Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 679516474 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:37 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$x_{i}=1$ สำหรับทุกค่า $i$ จะได้ว่า

$Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 647182536 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:37 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$

จากสมการ $(*)$ ในหัวข้อ Rayleigh quotient จะได้ว่า Rayleigh quotient มีค่าน้อยที่สุดเมื่อ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

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Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 601422587 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:38 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$\lambda _{1}=0$ โดยมี $x$ เป็น eigenvector ที่สอดคล้องกับ eigenvalue ดังกล่าว
ดังนั้น สำหรับ Laplacian matrix $L_{G}$ ของกราฟ G ใดๆ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

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Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 682695372 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:38 GMT
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IP address: 158.108.32.49

$\lambda _{1}=0$

Eigenvalue ของกราฟต่อเนื่อง

"สำหรับกราฟ $G$ ใดๆ Laplacian matrix $L_{G}$ จะมี eigenvalue ลำดับที่สองไม่เท่ากับศูนย์ ก็ต่อเมื่อ G เป็นกราฟต่อเนื่อง"

$(\leftarrow )$ สมมติให้ $G$ เป็นกราฟต่อเนื่อง และมี eigenvalue ลำดับที่สองเท่ากับศูนย์ ()
ให้ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

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Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 619636069 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:40 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$\phi _{2}=[a_{1},a_{2},\cdots ,a_{n}]^{T}$ เป็น eigenvector ที่สอดคล้องกับ eigenvalue ดังกล่าว
และทฤษฎีบทก่อนหน้า จะได้ว่ามี $\lambda _{1}=0$ และ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

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Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 601878836 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:41 GMT
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IP address: 158.108.32.49

$\phi _{1}=[x_{1},x_{2},\cdots ,x_{n}]^{T}$
จาก Spectral Theory เนื่องจาก $\phi _{2}\perp \phi _{1}$ ดังนั้น

${\begin{aligned}0&=\phi _{2}\phi _{1}^{T}\\&=\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}a_{i}\end{aligned}}$

เนื่องจากกราฟต่อเนื่อง ให้ $\phi _{1}=[1,1,\cdots ,1]^{T}$ ทำให้

$0=\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}$

จะเห็นว่า $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

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Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 655568775 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:43 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$a_{i}\neq 0$ สำหรับทุก $i$ และมี $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 657962686 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:43 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$ สำหรับบาง $i\neq j$ ส่งผลให้ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 692456976 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:44 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$
ซึ่งหมายความว่า $\lambda _{2}\neq 0$ และขัดแย้งกับสมมติฐานตั้งต้นว่า $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

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Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 691834880 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:45 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$\lambda _{2}=0$ ดังนั้นถ้ากราฟ G เป็นกราฟต่อเนื่อง แล้ว $\lambda _{2}\neq 0$

สมมติให้ เป็นกราฟไม่ต่อเนื่อง และมี eigenvalue ลำดับที่สองไม่เท่ากับศูนย์ ()
ให้ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

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Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 685937159 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:45 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$\phi _{2}=[a_{1},a_{2},\cdots ,a_{n}]^{T}$ เป็น eigenvector ที่สอดคล้องกับ eigenvalue ดังกล่าว
และทฤษฎีบทก่อนหน้า จะได้ว่ามี และ
จาก Spectral Theory เนื่องจาก ดังนั้น

${\begin{aligned}0&=\phi _{2}\phi _{1}^{T}\\&=\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}a_{i}\end{aligned}}$

เนื่องจากกราฟไม่ต่อเนื่อง ให้ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

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Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 644006344 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:45 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$\phi _{1}=[1,\cdots ,1,0,\cdots ,0]^{T}$ ทำให้

$Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 695700327 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:45 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$

เมื่อให้โหนดที่ $1$ ถึง $k$ เป็นส่วนเดียวกัน และตัดขาดจากโหนดที่ ถึง
ให้ และได้ว่า

$Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 652952295 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:46 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$

ซึ่งหมายความว่า $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

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Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 678697592 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:46 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$\lambda _{2}=0$ และขัดแย้งกับสมมติฐานตั้งต้นว่า ดังนั้นถ้ากราฟ G เป็นกราฟไม่ต่อเนื่อง แล้ว

Eigenvalue ของกราฟที่มี $n$ ส่วน

ให้กราฟที่มีจำนวน $n$ component ค่า eigenvalue ของ Laplacian matrix ลำดับที่หนึ่งจนถึงลำดับที่ $n$ จะมีค่าเป็น 0

ให้กราฟมี $n$ ส่วน ให้ eigenvalue จำนวน $n$ ตัวแรกมีค่าเป็น $0$ และมี eigenvector ที่สอดคล้องกันคือ

$Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 674798806 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:47 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$

จะเห็นว่า $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.
Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 678108197 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:48 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$0\phi _{i}=L\phi _{i}$

Eigenvalue ของกราฟบริบูรณ์

ให้กราฟริบูรณ์ (complete graph) จำนวน โหนด ( $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

K_{n}

) ค่า eigenvalue ของ Laplacian matrix ลำดับที่สองจนถึงลำดับสุดท้าย จะมีค่าเป็น

n

พิสูจน์โดยให้

$Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 667527921 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:48 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$

เลือก $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } }$

Error

Too many requests (f061ab2)

If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.
Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 661596424 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:49 GMT
Sensitive client information
IP address: 158.108.32.49

$\lambda _{i}=n$ ที่ $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 674046435 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:49 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$ และเลือก $Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 680762075 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:49 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$ ที่สอดคล้องกันดังนี้

$Wikimedia Error * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; } .content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; } img { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; } a img { border: 0; } h1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; } .content-text { flex: 1; } p { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; } a { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } code { font-family: sans-serif; } summary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } details[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; } .text-muted { color: #777; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { a { color: #9e9eff; } body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; } .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; } #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); } .text-muted { color: #888; } } Error Too many requests (f061ab2) If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request served via cp5021 cp5021, Varnish XID 690359175 Upstream caches: cp5021 int Error: 429, Too many requests (f061ab2) at Sat, 28 Mar 2026 10:30:50 GMT Sensitive client information IP address: 158.108.32.49$

จะเห็นว่า

ดังนั้น eigenvalue ลำดับที่สองเป็นต้นไปของกราฟบริบูรณ์จำนวน $n$ โหนดมีค่าเป็น $n$
หมายเหตุ eigenvector ที่นำมาประกอบการพิสูจน์ ไม่จำเป็นต้องตั้งฉากกัน เพียงแค่แสดงให้เห็นว่ามี eigenvector ที่สอดคล้องกับ eigenvalue ได้ก็พอ

@@ แถว 190: / แถว 190: @@
 ให้กราฟที่มีจำนวน <math>n</math> component ค่า eigenvalue ของ Laplacian matrix ลำดับที่หนึ่งจนถึงลำดับที่ <math>n</math> จะมีค่าเป็น 0
+{{เริ่มบทพิสูจน์}}
+ให้กราฟมี <math>n</math> ส่วน ให้ eigenvalue จำนวน <math>n</math> ตัวแรกมีค่าเป็น <math>0</math> และมี eigenvector ที่สอดคล้องกันคือ
+:<math>
+\phi_i = \begin{cases}
+& \text{if node is in component } i \text{th} \\
+& \text{otherwise}
+\end{cases}
+</math>
+จะเห็นว่า <math>0 \phi_i = L \phi_i</math>
+{{จบบทพิสูจน์}}
 === Eigenvalue ของกราฟบริบูรณ์ ===
@@ แถว 235: / แถว 248: @@
 \end{bmatrix} = n \phi_i = \lambda_i \phi_i
 </math>
+ดังนั้น eigenvalue ลำดับที่สองเป็นต้นไปของกราฟบริบูรณ์จำนวน <math>n</math> โหนดมีค่าเป็น <math>n</math>
+''หมายเหตุ eigenvector ที่นำมาประกอบการพิสูจน์ ไม่จำเป็นต้องตั้งฉากกัน เพียงแค่แสดงให้เห็นว่ามี eigenvector ที่สอดคล้องกับ eigenvalue ได้ก็พอ''
 {{จบบทพิสูจน์}}

ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "Sgt/lecture2"

รุ่นแก้ไขปัจจุบันเมื่อ 11:09, 10 กุมภาพันธ์ 2558

เนื้อหา

Rayleigh quotient

Error

Error

Error

คุณสมบัติของ Eigenvalue กับกราฟ